Chapter 29-30 Study Guide

Totalitarianism/ Democracy in Crisis

Ch. 29

apartheid policy of strict racial separation in South Africa; abolished in 1989.  Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South Africa using this.

civil disobedience refusal to obey unjust laws.  Henry David Thoreau, an American philosopher of the 1800s, believed in this.

Diego Rivera created magnificent works that won worldwide acclaim.  On the walls of public buildings, they portrayed the struggles of the Mexican people for liberty.

Hirohito performed sacred purification rituals going back thousands of years.  He reigned from 1926 to 1989.  During those decades, Japan experienced remarkable successes and appalling tragedies.

Jiang Jieshi an energetic young army officer who took over the Guomindang.  He was determined to reunite China but he had little interest in democracy and communism.

Muhammad Ali Jinrah came from a middle class background and studied law in England.  He represented Muslim interests within the congress party.

Nationalization takeover of property or resources by the government.  The constitution of 1917 allowed this to take place.

Pancho Villa a radical leaver, and a heard-rising rebel from the north.  Fought mostly for personal power but won the intense loyalty of his peasant followers.

Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution Francisco Madero demanded free elections and was imprisoned by Díaz.  Soon, revolutionaries all across Mexico joined Maderos cause.

Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.  Nourished the nationalist spirit during the 1920s.

Mandate System (M. East) territories administered by European nations.  Set up by the Paris Peace Conference and outraged Arabs.

Great Salt March led by Ghandi who believed that the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British oppression.

May Fourth Movement student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities around China.  Set off a cultural and intellectual ferment.

Effect of Great Depression in Japan the trade in Japan suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford Japanese skills and other exports.

CH. 30

general strike strike by workers in many different industries at the same time.  This was caused by the increasing unemployment rate in the 1920s.

stream of consciousness literary technique that probes a characters random thoughts and feelings.  As Freuds ideas became popular, some writers experimented with this.

flapper in the United States and Europe in the 1920s, a rebellious young woman.  The reigning queen of the Jazz Age was the liberated young woman.

concentration camp detention center for civilians considered enemies of a state.  Tens of thousands of Jews were sent here.

Leon Blum socialist leader who united many parties in 1936.  His Popular Front government tried to solve labor problems and passed some social legislations.

Marie Curie Polish-born French scientist who experimented with a process called radioactivity.  She also discovered that the atoms of certain elements, such as radium and iranium, spontaneously release charged particles.

Franklin D. Roosevelt found ways around the Neutrality Acts to provide aid, including warships, to Britain as it stood alone against Hitler.

Virginia Woolf British novelist who used stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the ordinary actions of their everyday lives.

Albert Einstein German-born physicist who advanced his theories of relativity by 1905.  He argued that space and time measurements are not absolute but are determined by many factors.

James Joyce explored the mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout the novel Finnegans Wke.  He invented many words; some as long as one-hundred letters.

Pablo Picasso Spanish artist who created a revolutionary new style, called cubism.  He broke three-dimensional objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.

Joseph Pilsudski dictator of Poland in 1926.  He took over after the communist-led government was overthrown.

Frank Lloyd Wright American architect who reflected the Bauhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its form.

Kellog-Briand Pact spirit of Locarno was echoed in this in 1928.  It promised to renounce war as an instrument of national policy.  In this hopeful spirit, the great powers pursued disarmament.

Fascism from the Latin fasces, a bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe.  It is a symbol of authority in ancient Rome.

Adolph Hitler despised Christianity.  He sought to replace religion with his racial creed.  In an attempt to control the churches, the Nazis combined all Protestant sects into a single state church.

totalitarian rule rule in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens lives.  Stalin turned they Soviet Union into a totalitarian.

Mein Kampf the holy book that Hitler wrote when he was in jail.  It was about Nazi goals and ideology and reflected his obsessions.

campaign against the Jews Hitler set out to drive Jews out of Germany. Nazis beat, robbed and roused mobs against the Jews.

Great Depression the stock market crash triggered this in the 1930s.  This was a painful time of global economic collapse and created financial turmoil in the industrial world.

Mussolini assumed more power and took the title Il Duce.  He expected women to make sacrifices for the nation.  His largest goal was to shape the young.

Weimar Republic In November 1918, as World War I was drawing to a close, Germany tottered on the brink of chaos.  Under the threat of a socialist revolution, Kaiser William II abdicated.

Kristallnacht means night of the Broken Glass.  It was only the beginning of a nightmare for the Jewish people.

List causes of Great Depression

Stock market crashed

Financial turmoil

American banks stopped making loans

American banks closed causing millions unemployed