CH. 5
*Minoan civilization and the importance of its location- Civilization was named after Minos, the king of Crete. Their success was based on trade, and they had outposts all over the Aegean world.
*Explain how Sparta's location was important.- They were located at the south of Greece, and they had a system of strict control. Being in the south helped because they isolated themselves from the rest of Greece.
*Trojan war- location - The Trojan War took place in 1250 BC, outside of Troy. It took place there because Paris the Trojan prince kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek king.
*geography of Greece created?- The geography of Greece created a very hard region for invaders to attack. It was full of rugged mountains and valleys that were hard to get through, and over.
* post Persian wars domination- After the Persian wars Athens came out as the most powerful city-state in Greece. They created the Delian league to make sure they weren't attacked again.
*Peloponnesian War- The war between Sparta and Athens eventually ended democracy in Athens. The Spartans won the 27-year war, and the Athenians never recovered from the defeat.
*Greek theater origins- Greek theater was made to honor Dionysus. There were different types of theater, tragedy and comedy. There were three main dramatists, Antigone, Euripides, and Sophocles.
*Alexander's achievements and empire- Alexander conquered almost all of the Persian empire. After that he went on to India, where never lost a battle, and suddenly died of a fever.
*center of Hellenistic world- The center of the Hellenistic world was Alexandria. The Hellenistic world consisted of a blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences.
*geographic characteristics of Greece- Greece had mountains that divided it into small, isolated valleys. They created many small city-states instead of one large empire.
*oligarchy- A government where the power is in hands of the small, but powerful elite. The elite, most of the time came from the business class. Oligarchy came when a wealthy middle class challenged land-owning nobles for power, and eventually dominated some city-states.
*democracy- Athens had the first democracy. They allowed normal people to vote for who held office, and on important decisions in their city-state. Normal people had to be citizens, and only men over 18 could be citizens. Women and slaves had no say in government.
*Spartan childhoods- At the age of 7 boys were taken from their mothers to be trained to be soldiers. Girls were expected to raise strong, healthy boys so that the army could be strong.
*Athens' golden age- The years after the persian wars. That was when Athens was ruled by Pericles, and the economy was very good, and when the government became more democratic.
*Aristotle's meritocracy- Aristotle studied all forms of government, and he found flaws and good things from all of them. After analyzing all of these he believed that the best rule was rule by one strong leader.
*Greek values- The greek believed that women were not as important as men. The women had very little rights as the men, and the men had many more privelages than the women.

CH 6

*Augustus- Ruled from 31 BC- 14 Ad, and took over after Julius Caeser was murdered. Under Augustus the age of the Roman empire began, and he laid a foundation for a stable government.
*Julius Caesar- Dominated politics of Rome with Rome's most brilliant general, Pompey. He fought for nine years and then brought Gaul (present-day France) under Roman rule. He was murdered because his enemies believe he was going to make himself king, so they stabbed him to death.
*Hannibal- Dedicated his life to the destruction of Rome because Hamilcar Barca made him take an oath to hate Rome. Was chosen as leader of the Carthaginian army. He was never able to capture Rome itself, though. He was killed by poison.
*Jesus- Jew who founded Christianity. Tought new beliefs, and was eventually killed by crucification, because some Jews thought he was a trouble-maker, and one of his disciples betrayed him, he was arrested and crucified.
*Paul- Never met Jesus, he was even one of the people of Jesus, then one day had a dream that Jesus spoke to him. He then went out to spread Jesus' teachings to people besides the Jews.
*Odoacer- A Germanic leader who got the emperor of Rome out. This event is called the "fall" of Rome.
*Ptolemy- Proposed the theory that Earth was the center of the universe. He was a mathemetician and astronomer, and his idea wasn't accepted by people for over 1,500 years.
*Virgil- Wrote the poem Aenid so that he could remind fellow Romans of their great heritage. He realized that the people who were going to read his poem viewed Greeece as superior, so he addressed Greece, but then talked about the greatness of Rome.
*martyr- People who die or suffer for their beliefs. Paul was a martyr who was killed under the reign of Nero. There were many martyrs in ancient Rome.
*mercenary- Foreign soldiers serving for pay. They were employed by Rome the protect Roman borders. Rome employed many mercenaries.
*messiah- Savior sent by God. The Jews believe that there will be one more messiah who will lead them to their homeland and freedom. They believed Jesus was the messiah, but not after he didn't want to lead them in war, instead he wanted to spread the message,
*patrician- Members who were of the landholding upper class. All 300 of the members of the senate in the early republic were patricians. The patricians were very powerful.
*plebian- Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders who made up most of the population. The pleibians had little influence, but their efforts to get to power helped shape the early republic. The pleibians were the lowest class.
*aqueduct- Bridge-like structures that brought water to Roman cities from the hills. All aqueducts were made of stone.There is still one aqueduct running now.
*heresy- Beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings. Hersies were battled by Church leaders. The leaders were determined to stop all of the hersies.
*legion- Basic unit of armies. The Roman legion was made up of about 5,00 men. The legions were usually made up of citizen-soldiers.
*republic- "thing of the people". The Romans set up the government that was sort of like a democracy. They set it up because they didn't want to be ruled again.
*sect- A small group. For a long time Christianity was just a sect of Judaism. Eventually, though, Paul began the spread of Christianity.