Belal Abdel

Ch 14

annul- Annul means to cancel something. King Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage, but the Church would not allow it.

gravity- Issace Newton discovered gravity. The reason he tried to find out what it was was because an apple had fallen on his head.

patron- A patron was a financial supporter. Lorenzo was a generous patron of the arts.

perspective- Many artists learned the rule of perspective. This helped artists paint 3-dimensional scenes.

theocracy- A theocracy is a government ruled by religious authority. The theocracy was set up by John Calvin.

John Calvin- John Calvin was a leader of the Protestants. He set up a theocracy that was run by Chirch leaders.

Henry VIII- Wanted to annul his marriage to Cetherine, but the Church wouldn't allow it. Because of this he started the Roman Catholic Church.

Leonardo da Vinci- Considered by many the smartest man in the Middle Ages. Had the first plans for a flying machine.

Lorenzo de' Medici- Was a great patron of the arts. He was the grandson of Cosimo.

Niccolo Machiavelli- Was a political philosopher of the Renaissance. Was born in Florence, Italy.

heliocentric- The belief that the sun was at the center of the universe. The Catholic Church persecuted anyone who believed this.

humanism- Focused on worldly subjects. Humanist scholars wanted to use the wisdom of the ancients to help increase their understanding of their own times.

indulgence- Sold by the Church. They were protested by Martin Luther.

predestination- The belief that your life was pre-determined. Many people believed that God had already chosen whether or not they were going to heaven or hell.

recant- To give up your views. Many people tried to get Luther to recant his beliefs.

Copenicus- Great studier of medicine. He came up with many ideas that are still used today.

Durer- One of 18 children. Was a jeweler.

Luther- Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the dooe of the Church. He was against indulgences.

Newton- Isaac Newton discovered gravity. He became curious about it when an apple fell on his head.

Petrarch- An Italian scholar, artist, and humanist. He was a major force in the develpoment of the Renaissance.

Renaissance focus- The Renaissance focused on a time of creativity. Also there were changes in the way people viewed themselves.

printing of reformation- There was a huge effect of printing during the Renaissance. Religion became more important because of the spread of the Bible do to the printing press.

results of Reformation- The Reformation resulted in more people becoming religious. It also had many new scientific laws.

causes of Renaissance- The Renaissance led to Humanism. It also led to newer writings.

Ch18

Hobbes- Believed people were driven by greed. He also believed that to avoid chaos they give up their freedom to the government.

Locke- Believed people had a natural right to life. He said that rulers have a responsibility to protect their rights.

Joseph II- Was a German emperor. He was one of 16 children.

constitional govt.- Where a governors power and rule is limited. 3 new political parties came out of this.

enlightened despot- Absolute rulers who used their powers to bring about social and political change. These were monarchs who accepted Enlightenment ideas.

natural laws- Laws that govern human nature. Scientists questioned why they shouldn't use these laws.

natural rights- Theses were rights that people had from the day they were born. Locke believed that rulers should protect these rights.

physiocrat- Thinkers who focused on economic reforms. They rejected mercantilism.

Bach- Great musician. Was orphaned at the age of 10.

Diderot- Wrote the Encyclopedia. He helped people understand things better.

Tom Paine- Became a journalist in Philadelphia. Wrote many articles that were published.

Rousseau- Very famous musician. He also wrote many works of art.

Robert Walpole-

baroque- Style of painting. Had bright colors, and became very famous.

free market- The natural forces of supply and demand. Adam Smith argued the they should be allowed to operate in regular business.

laissez faire- Allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. Physiocrats argued for this.

salon- Place where educated people would meet. Many people had salons in their own homes.

social contract- An agreement to give up a state of nature for an organized society.