|
|
Belal Abdel
Ch. 20 Outline
A Turning Point in History:
1. In the year 1750, most of the people worked on land and used handmade tools.
2. Usually the people didn't know much about the world that existed neyond their village.
3. In the 1850's, after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, many villages grew into cities and industrial towns.
A New Agricultural Revolution:
1. A change in the farming fields was one of the main reasons for the Industrial Revolution.
2. The leaders in the new agricultural revolution were the Dutch.
3. Wealthy landowners tried to use enclosure to het the land that they used to share with peasants.
The Population Explosion:
1. Because of the agricutural revolution, there was a very quick population growth.
2. Britains populatoin went from 5 million in 1700 all the way up to 9 million in 1800.
3. Another reason for this growth in population was that there was a decline in death rates.
An Energy Revolution:
1. The energy revolution also played a major role in the Industrial Revolution.
2. Usually the energy for work was provided by people's muscles, not machines.
3. Then there were many inventions like the water wheel powered machines that were in the first factories.
Why Britain?
1. There were many factors that lead to the Industrial Revolution beginning in Britain.
2. One reason was because of the human resources that Britain had for the coal mines.
3. Britain was the center of the Scientific Revolution, their mechanics played a major role in the revolution.
The Age of Iron and Coal:
1. The key to the Industrial Revolution were the new technologies in the iron industry.
2. A major leader in this were the Darby family of Coalbrookdale.
3. Darby performed many experiments that lead him to produce better-quality and cheaper iron for the people.
Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry:
1. There were also changes in the industry of textiles, which was Britain's largest industry.
2. British developed the putting out system to make cotton.
3. One major invention was John Kay;s flying shuttle, which was used to help weavers work faster.
Revolution in Transportation:
1. Entrepreneurs had to come up with faster ways of moving goods from place to place because production of their products increased.
2. The greatest invention on land was the invention of the locomotive.
3. The greates invention on sea was the invention of the wheel paddle steamboats.
Looking Ahead:
1. The Industrial Revolution triggered a huge chain reaction.
2. Inventors came up with machines that produced large quantities of goods faster.
3. There were also lower prices which made the goods more affordable.
The New Industrial City:
1. Because of the Industrial Revolution there was a rapid urbanization.
2. Masses of people migrated form city to city because there were so many changes.
3. In many cities the wealthy and middle-class lived in good neighborhoods, while the poor lived slums.
The Factory System:
1. The factory was at the heart of the new industrial city.
2. In factories workers had to go by a schedule that was set by the factory whistle.
3. Some shifts in factories lasted from 12-16 hours.
Patience Kershaw's Life Underground:
1. In the 1830's and 1840's British lawmakers started looking into abuses in factories.
2. Members of the Ashley Mines Commision heard about work in the mines from Patience Kershaw.
3. Kershaw and many others started working in the mines as a young child.
The Working Class:
1. Farm families felt lost when they moved to the cities.
2. Over time factory and mine workers developed a sense of the community.
3. Weavers abd other artisans started smashing machines that made them lose their jobs.
The New Middle Class:
1. Entrepreneurs benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution.
2. Middle-class families lived in well-furnished homes.
3. To show their new standard of living, middle-class women were told to become ladies.
Benefits and Problems:
1. Many people have debated whether the Industrial Revolution was a blessing or a curse.
2. Reformers pressed for laws that improved working conditions.
3. The Industrial Revolution created many social problems.
Laissez-Faire Economics:
1. Middle-class business leaders embraced the idea of Laissez-Faire.
2. Adam Smith was the prophet of Laissez-Faire economics.
3. Davis Ricardo and Thomas Malthus both said that the poor had too many cihldren.
The Utilitarians:
1. Utilitarianism said that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number"
2. Jeremy Benthham said that laws or actions should be judged by their utilty.
3. John Stuart Mill said that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.
Emergence of Socialism:
1. Many thinkers focused on the goods of society in general.
2. Thinkers gaved the idea of socialism to end poverty and injustice.
3. Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in progress.
The "Scientific Socialism" of Karl Marx:
1. Karl Marx condemned the ideas of the Utopians.
2. Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, published a pamphlet called "The Communist Manifesto"
3. Marx said that the proletariats would triumph.
|
|
|