UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS / notes
*National debt- There is a large national debt in many countries around the world. This debt is usually caused by countries importing more thatn they export. This problem is very common around the world. This usually occurs in countries with little resources but a large population.
*AIDS- It is one of the deadliest viruses on Earth. Many people suffer from it, and it is still spreading. There is no cure for the AIDS virus.
cause- it can be caused by many things, but usually occurs because of people not being careful in their sexual life. It can be transmitted in many ways, but it is very diffivult for it to occur without someone having intercourse.
affect- It kills large amounts of people every year. It has a huge affect on many countries, mainly countries in Africa. There are people trying to inform the African people of the problem and are trying to stop the spread of AIDS.
*N. Ireland- There are many problems in North Ireland. The IRA is continuously fighting with the government, and it seems as if there will not be an end in the near future, which is very bad for all of the citizens in the middle of it.
IRA- They are always fighting with the government. Many people consider them terrorists, while others consider them heros.
the problem defined- The government can't get the IRA under control. They continue to fight and the IRA gets stronger and stronger, and much harder for the government to gain control over them.

RISE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEAS/ ch. 5-6
*oligarchy- Power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually from the buisiness class. This cam to be when wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans challenged the landowning city-states. Because of this, oligarchy formed.
*democracy- Government by the people. Athens was the first to have a democracy. It wasn't a democracy completely though, they slowly started to move towards it. The term had a different meaning to the Greeks than it does now. Then democracy was in it's beginning stages, not nearly as advanced as the democracy of today.
*geography of Greece- Greece was isolated from most of the world, except for being connected at it's northern tip, the rest of Greece is surrounded by water. As plato stated they, "live in seas like frogs in a pond." Greece was surrounded by the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. It was hard for anyone to attack.
*Greek theater- The Greeks set the standatd for what later Europeans called the classic style. The first Greek plays evolved out of religious festivals, especially those held in Athens to honor Dionysus, who was the god og gertility and wine. Plays were performed outdoors in large theaters that were on the sides of hills. There was usually little if any scenery. Actors wore elaborate costumes and stylized masks. A chorus usually was there to respond to the action by singing or chanting commentary between scenes.
*Alexander's greatest achievement- Alexander's greates acheivement was his empire at it's largest. His empire spanned from Macedonia all the way through Asia minor until Nicaea. It's capitol was Alexandria. It was located in present-day Egypt. It was located on the sea lanes between Europe and Asia. It's markets had a wide range of goods, from Greek marble to Arabian spices to East African ivory. It was home to almost a million people. Greeks, Egyptians, Persians, and Hebrews crowded the streets along with many others.
*center of the Hellenistic world- where? The center of the Hellenistic world was Alexandria. It was a great place for trade, because it was at the center of the Hellenistic world, and there you could find things from Greece, Arabia, and East Africa. There were almost a million people located there, and all the people's ethnicity were very diverse. It had the Pharos, which was a tall lighthouse that stood over 440 feet in the air.
*Pericles- The Athenian economy thrived under him. The government also became more democratic than it had ever been. Because he was such a wise and skillful leader, the era in which he ruled became known as the Age of Pericles. He believed that all male citizens should be able to take part in the government, regardless of their wealth or social class. Because of this, Athens began to pay salaries to men who held public office.
*Darius- Was the King of Persia. He sent messengers to the Greek city-states, he demanded gifts of "earth and water" as a symbol of surrender. Many of the city-states obeyed him out of fear. Athens and Sparta were not so quick to respond, they said that the Persians could collect their own earth and water. The Athenians threw the messengers of Darius into a well, while the Spartans threw them into a pit.
*Alexander- Known as Alexander the Great. He was the greatest military leader of all time. He had an empire the spanned from Macedonia all the way through Asia minor, and it finally ended at Nicaea. He set up the great city of Alexandria which had sea lanes that had Greek marble, Arabian spices, East African Ivory, and much more. He became leader of the army very quickly, and won many wars. He was fearless, and greatly feared.
*Athen's golden age- The Athenian golden age was under the rule of Pericles. Athens greatly prosepered under his rule. All male citizens who held public office were paid because Pericles believed that all male citizens should take part in the government. The assembly under Pericles needed at least six thousand men before deciding on important issues. Under Pericles, Athens developed a direct democracy.
*Spartan boys- Spartan boys were trained for war. At the age of seven they were taken away from their mothers and put into military training. Sparta was a huge country on war, they believed war was everything. It was because of this that they took the boys. Officials examined every newborn, and the sickly children were left to die. They wanted their future soldiers and mother's to be happy.
*Persian Wars- The Persians attacked the Athenians. The Persians crushed rebel cities, then the Persian army landed at Marathon, which was north of Athens. The Persians outnumbered the Athenian forces 2 to 1. Even though this seemed so overwhelming, the Athenians attacked so violently that the Persians pulled back their ships. Later on Xerxes sent an even larger army to try and conquer Athens, but by then Athens had convinced Sparta and other city-states to join them in the fight.
*Trojan Wars- The Mycaneans are mostly remembered for their parts in the Trojan War. They fought the war against Troy, which was a rich trading city in present day Turkey. Troy controled the vital straits that controlled the Mediterranean and Black seas. They fought for 10 years, finally the Greeks tricked the Trojans into hauling a large wooden horse into their city walls, and when all of the Trojan soldiers were asleep, Greek soldiers slipped out of the horse and killed them.
*Peloponnesian War- This war was fought between Athens and Sparta. In the fight Athens faced a serious problem, since Sparta was located near the inland, Athens could not attack them from sea. All Sparta had to do was march north to attack Athens by land. When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowerd people from the surrounding countryside to move inseid the city walls. Because of this the place was overcrowded and a plague quickly spread. Sparta captured Athens with the help of the Persian Navy.
*Paul- Paul was a Jew from Asia minor who helped spread Christianity. He never met Jesus, he was actually among those who persecuted Jesus' followers. Then one day Paul had a vision that Jesus spoke to him. Immediately after that, Paul converted and decided that he would spread the word of Jesus beyond Jewish communities. His missionary work paved the world to Christianity becoming a world religion.
*Hannibal- He was selected as the leader of the Carthaginian army. He commanded a mixed force of troops from Europe and North Africa. His skill was so great the the Europeans and North Africans were not disturbed by the fact that they did not have anything in common, not even a language. Hannibal led one of the most daring military expeditions in history. It included a trek across the Alps that lasted 15 days.
*Virgil- Early poet. He wrote the epic poem Aeneid. In it he tried to show that Rome's past was as heroic as that of Greece. He linked his epic to Homer's work by telling how Aeneas escaped from Troy to found Rome. He wrote it soon after Augustus came to power. He hoped that it would help increase patriotism and unite Rome after years of civil wars.
*Augustus- He was declared as the first citizen. His name meant Exalted One. He helped Rome recover from it's long period of civil war. He was careful not to call himself King because the title was haated, but he acted like one because he excercised complete power and even went as far as to name his succesor. He laid the foundation down for a stable government that Rome had lacked.
*Odoacer- He was a Germanic leader. In 476 he ousted the emperor of Rome. Later historians referred to the event as the fall of Rome. But by then Rome had already lost many of it's territories and Roman power in the west had ended.
*Jesus- Born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem. According to the gospel an angel had told his mother Mary that she would give berth to a messiah. He spread many teachings, which were firmly rooted in Jewish tradition. he preached new beliefs. He proclaimed that his mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed in him. Many Jews regarded him as a dangerous troublemaker who was challenging the leadership of Jewish priests. Because of this he was crucified on a cross, something that led to this was him being betrayed by one of his disciples, the Gospels state.
*Constantine- Gained the throne in 312. As the emperor he continued Diocletinan's reforms. He took two steps that changed the course of European history. He granted tolerance to Christians. By doing so, he encouraged the rapid spread of Christianity. Also he built Constantinople on the strait that connects the Black and Mediterranian seas. By doing this he made the portion of the empire the center of power.
*Ptolemy- Proposed that the Earth was the center of the universe, an idea that was accepted in the western world for almost 1,500 years. He was eventually proven wrong.
*Copernicus- Scientist who revolutionized the way people viewed the universe. He said that the universe revolved around the sun. This was nowhere near the early belief that the universe revolved around the Earth. Because of this he was persecuted.
*Virgil- Wrote the Aeneid in which he tried to show that Rome's past was as heroic as that of Greece. He tried to do this by linking his work to that of Homer. He wrote it after Augustus gained power. He told how Aeneas escaped from Troy to found Rome.
*Roman landholding upper class- The Roman landholding upperclass made up most of the government. They were citizens and at the time were the only one's who could be citizens. They voted on many of the important issues that faced Rome, they were also a jury. They had much more wealth then the middle class did, and because the balance in the economy was overwhelmingly unbalanced.
*martyr- Person who suffers or dies for their beliefs. One of the martyrs was the missionary Paul, who was killed during the reign of Nero. Nero used Christians as scape goats, and over the years thousands of Christians became martyrs. Nero blamed them for social or economic problems, and they were usually killed for this. There have been martyrs throughout the world over the centuries.
*messiah- Savior sent by God. Jesus was thought to be a savior. He claimed to be sent from God to spread his word. He was followed and loved by many. He was born Jewish, and he preached to mostly Jews. He was persecuted by Jewish leaders who thought he was trying to undermine their power. He was crucified because of this, and a main reason was because one of his disciples was a traitor to him. It is said that all who followed were offered eternal life after death.
*mercenary- Soldier serving in a foriegn army for pay. There were many soldiers who did this when their army was not at war, and also soldiers who did this when their country was at war, as did many Germanic soldiers when Germany attacked Rome. Rome did this because they were nearing the end of the war and the Germanic army was very close to taking down Rome. So Rome hired Germanic soldiers and other soldiers to help them defend their land from the invasion of the Germanic Kingdom.
*totalitarian- government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizen's lives. There were many governments that were totalitarian, and it was usually a failure. The people were usually against this because they did not want the government to control everything that they did. Because of this there were many revolts. Usually this type of government was ended quickly by it's officials or it was overthrown.
*communist- Someone who followed Communism, which was a form of socialism that was started by Karl Marx. Marx said that class struggle was inevitable and that it would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole. Many people were and still are against all forms of Communism because of the bad affect it can have on the nation.
*republic- System of government in which officials are chosen by the people. The Romans started it because they were determined to necer again be ruled by the monarch. They called ot the "thing of the pople." Romans thought that a republic would keep any individual from getting too much power. Romans later looked back at the republic with enormous pride as one of their greatest acheivments.
*basic unit of the Roman army- The basic Roman army was full of soldiers. It was one of the largest armies in history, it was also one of the most powerful armies ever. There were hardly any armies that could defeat the Roman army. Rome was able to have such ease with expansion. They had a very large empire because their army was so smart and strategic and they always knew what they were doing.

MIDDLE AGES/ Ch. 8-9
*peasants- Peasants were the lower class in Feudal Society. They usually had the least amount of money, and they usually had a tough time finding jobs. Some peasants worked on the plantations and manors of the wealthy landowing merchants.
*knights- Noble in Europe who served as a mounted warrior for a lord in the Middle Ages. A boy was slated to become a knight at the age of 7, when he would be sent away to the castle of his father's lord. It was there he learned to ride and fight. He also learned to keep his armor and weapons in good condition. Training was difficult and discipline was strict. Any laziness was punished with a angry blow or a severe beating. When his training was finished he was ready to become a knight.
*fief- A fief was an estate. It was usually granted to a vassal by the lord of the estate. The estates ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles and included peasants to work the land, as well as any towns or buildings on the land. Besides granting the estate, the lord also promised to protect his vassal.
*serf- A peasnat bound to the land that they worked for. They were not slaves who could be bought and sold, but they were not free. They could not leave the manor without first receiving permission. If the manor was granted to a new lord then the serfs would go along with the manor. The serfs were tied to their lords by mutual rights and responsibilities.
*vassal- In medievil Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord. They had to pledge their service and loyalty to a greater lord. The relationship between lords and vassals was established by custom and tradition. A lord would grant his vassal a fief.
*Lord- A Lord was someone who was wealthy, and who owned a large land. On the land they had vassals working on their land. They granted the vassals fiefs in exchange for a vow of loyalty and work. The vassals were attached to them by virtue of loyalty.
*charter- A written document that set out the rights and privelages of a town. The merchants set up a new town, and would ask the local lord, or if possible the king, for the charter. In exchange for the charter, merchants paid the lord or the king a large of sum of money or a yearly fee, or both.
*bill of rights- The bill of rights was set up so that all citizens could have their rights and know what they were. They also knew that their rights could not be changed because they were all written down. The bill of rights also let the citizens all have equal rights, and it also made sure that others didn't have more or less rights than others.
*Church reform - why? There was reform in the church because many people were unhappy with it. Teh priests were selling indulgences, and many of the nuns and priests were not being loyal to their vows of being a nun and priest. Many people did not like the fact that they were always with their families and that they cared about money.
*most important economic activity in medieval town
*lending money at interest-In the Middle Ages money was almost always lent with interest on it. Interest is how many people made their living, they would lend money that they had and then charge interest on the person who borrowed it, the interest would usually be based on the amount of time the money was borrowed.
*Battle of Tours- The Battle of Tours is when Muslim forces were finally defeated. After that the conquered Sicily, and it became a thriving center of Islamic culture. Muslim attacks finally subsided when power struggles in the Middle East diverted struggles from Europe.
*causes that united Charlemagne's empire- Charlemagne's empire was united because of all of the things that he promoted. He tried to create a united Christian Europe. Also, Charlemagne promoted education and learning. He set up a palace school at Aachen. He asked Alcuin to run the school.
*Cluniac reforms- These were reforms that were made to help the people of Feudal society. The reforms were set forth by Charlemagne because he wanted things in Rome to be better.
*three field system- The three field system was a system that was set up to help decide things in Middle Ages. There were three seperate fields, they would all vote seperately on things. Usually the first tow filds would outvote the third field.
*clergy
*merchant guilds- They were associations that dominated life in the middle towns. They passed laws. levied taxes, and decided whether to spend funds to pave the streets with cobblestones, build protective walls for the city. Over time the artisans came to resent to power of the guilds.
*nobles- Nobles played an active role in the warrior society of the Feudal age. The noblewomen as well as noblemen shared the same role. The noblewomen, or the "lady", became the lord of the manor while her husband or father was off fighting. She supervised the vassals, managed the household, and performed necessary agricultural and medical tasks. Some medieval noblewomen took a hand in politics.
*Magna Carta -importance The Magna Carta was very important in Feudal Society. It guaranteed to the people that the King could not abuse his power. For the first time this meant that the people could not be have "taxation without representation" happen to them. This was also the first time that the King could not abuse his power, like most Kings had done in the past.
*Concordat of Worms- The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years. Finally, both sides accepted a treaty known as the Concordat of Worms. They agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with the spiritual authority. The emporer was given the right to invest them with fiefs. This treaty ended the investiture struggle.
*Goal of the Crusades- The goal of the crusades was to regain the Holy Land. The land was fought over many times. It was won by the Christians, then the Muslims, then the Christians, then the Muslims, until finally the Muslims gained power of it.
*Viking name for Lightning warfare- The Vikings were the most destructive raiders of all time. They were the one's who snapped the last threads of Charlemagne's empire. They popped out of Scandanavia, a northern region that now includes Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. They looted and burned communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe, from Ireland to Russia.
*result of plague in Europe- The plague in Europe wiped out almost one third of the population of Europe. It hurt the Europeans because it came at times near war. The plague spread because of the unsanitary conditions, and it killed on out of every three Europeans.
*Reconquista- It was a revival in Christianity. Many Christians called for it because they believe that Christianity was slipping.
*result of the Crusades- The crusades failed in their chief goal which was the conquest of the Holy Land. They increased the level of trade. Merchants in Venice and other northern Italian cities built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land. They later used those fleets to open new markets in the crusader states.
*early jury system- when? The early jury system was kind of like it is now. They had people vote on sentences for crimials, but they also had the jury pass laws. The first jury system came to be in the Middle Ages, and it set the frame for the jury system we see today.
*cause of Germany's disunity- Germany's disunity was caused after the fall of Charlemagne. It caused great tension between them, and it helped other nations take power in places where Germany had once been a powerhouse.

RENAISSANCE,REFORMATION,ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 & 18
*development of printing- effects- The printing helped people very greatly. It has been called the greatest invention ever. Almost immediately helped spread the Bible as fast as ever. The printing press helped spread the ideas of many famous people, and it helped cause a religious revolution.
*Copernicus- Nicolaus Copernicus was a scientist who revolutionized the way people viewed the universe. It was one of the biggest scientific discoveries ever. He made predictions about what the universe revolved around. His beliefs were followed for many years.
*Newton- Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity. He discovered this when he was sitting under a tree and an apple feel and hit him on the head. He then decided to go to his lab and to experiment to see what the force was that made the apple fall on his head.
*causes of the Renaissance- Causes of the Rennaisance were that there needed to be changed. Dome of the leaders in the Rennaisance in arts were Leonardo, Raphael. and Michaelangelo. Leonardo made sketches of nature and of models in his studio. Raphael blended Christian and classical studies, and Michaelangelo was a sculpto, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
*Luther- Luther was against the selling of indulgences. He worte his 95 theses against them and nailed it to the door of the Church. Thanks to the printing press, almost overnight Luther's 95 theses were copied and distributed all over Europe. The Church tried to get Luther to give up his views, but Luther refused to do so.
*Scientific method- The scientific method is a moethod of performing experiments in science. It has a few main steps to it, those steps include hypothesis, experimenting, recording data, and reviewing your hypothesis. Almost all scientists use this to perform their experiments.
*Calvin- John Calvin was the most important reformer to follow Martin Luther. Calivin had a razor sharp mind, and his ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the Protestant Reformation. In 1541 Protestants in the city-state of Geneva in Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their community and he gladly did.
*Erasmus- Erasmus was a Dutch humanist. He used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament and a much-improved Latin translation of the same text. Erasmus also called for a translation of the Bible into everyday language of the people.
*Montesquieu- Published the Persian Letters secretely. He did this because people could be punished for criticizing the king or the Church. His book helped usher in the Enlightenment, a movement that sought to shine the "light" of reason on traditional ideas about government and society.
*Cause of Britain's global power/ 1700s- Britain had global power in the 1700s because they were the richest country, and they had one of the best armies. Britain had control over many of the trade routes.
*Adam Smith- Was a British ecomnomist. he greatly admired physiocrats. He wrote the Wealth of Nations, in which he argued that the free market should be allowed to operate and regulate business. He said that wherever there was demand for goods and services the suppliers will seek to meet it.
*John Locke- He said that people were basically reasonable and moral. He said that all people had natural rights. Which meant that they had rights that belonged to all humans from birth. These inclided the right of life, liberty, and property. He argued that people formed governments to protect their natural rights.
*Thomas Hobbes- He argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and opress one another. Life in the "state of nature" without laws or other control, would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Hobbes said people entered a "social contract" to avoid that brutish life.
*"No taxation without representation"- This meant that people could not be taxed for no reason at all by the King, just like the Magna Carta said. It made sure that people could not be forced to pay taxes that they could not afford. People now had more money to spend on food for their families, because they didn't have to pay for unjust taxes.
*Age of Reason- The Age of Reason was a very important time. It was when there was a lot of reason from many different philosophers. It was one of the most important things because it is when all of the different philosophers came out with their ideas.
*Joseph II- He was the emperor of Austria. Both he and Catherinethe Great, and Frederick II eyed Poland. To avoid fighting eachother, the three monarchs agreed to partition Poland. Poland was partitioned three times, first in the 1770's, then twice in the 1790s. By the time the three nations had taken their final piece in 1795, the kingdom of Poland was just about all gone.
*absolute monarch- Ruler with the complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governed. Phillip further centralized royal power, making all parts of the government responsible to him. He had complette authority over the government.
*divine rule- The belief that his authority to rule came directly from God. Phillip believed that he had this power. He saw himself as the guardian to the Catholic Church. The great undertaking of his life was to defend the Catholic Reformation and turn back the Protestant tide in Europe.
*cabinet- The cabinet was the part of the government that was appointed by the leader. The cabinet today is political members appointed by the President. The cabinet are the people that are closest to the leader. They help influence his biggest decisions and they help shape the different laws that he passes.

AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23
*suffrage- The right to vote. It was given to men who owned land at first. Eventually it was given to all men who were citizens. Women could not vote. In September 1792, there was a convention held to abolish the monarchy and declare France a republic.
*abdicate- To step down from power. Napoleon was forced to do it the year after the Battle of the Nations in which Napoleon was defeated. He was defeated at Leipzig. Then when his enemies started moving in on France, then he was exiled to Elba. After that Louis XVIII was recognized as the King of France.
*Robespierre- He guided the governments battles against counterrevolutionaries. He was a shrewd lawyer and politician, and he rose very fast to leadership in the Committee of Public Safety. Because he had such a selfless dedication to the revolution, he earned the nickname "the incorruptible". He embraced Rousseau's ideas about general will. He was the chief architect of the Reign of Terror. Eventually he and other radicals were executed, and this dropped the number of overall executions greatly because it caused a slow in execution.
*von Metternich- He was the dominant figure at the Congress, and he wanted to restore status quo that was from 1792. He was the prince of Austria. He was among 3 of the men who had real work at the Congress of Vienna. He wanted to create the Concert of Europe the protect the new order that they had put together to keep peace.
*nationalism- An excessive feeling of pride in one's country. During the late 1700's it spread throughout France. Because of the revolutions and wars the French got a strong sense of an identity. Usually the people felt loyalty to local authorities. Whenever monarchs centralized power the people's loyalty shifted to the king or queen. But now the government wanted the "sons and daughters" of the revolution to defend the nation intself.
*Napoleon- One of the greatest generals ever. Many reforms did not last long once Napoleon took power. He won many battles, including driving British forces out of Toulon, and he rose quickly in the ranks. He was a self-made emperor, it took two years for him to get enough power to take the title of emperor of France. He took the crown from the hands of the pope and put it on his own head. He strengthened the central government. He was forced to abdicate the throne after he was deafeated at Leipzig, a year later he was exiled to Elba after his enemies started to move in on France.
*Louis XVI- Was the king of France. He was put on trial as a traitor to France by the convention. He was convicted by a single vote, and then he was forced to be executed. In January 1792, he mounted a scaffold in the public square.
*First, Second and Third Estates- They were all part of the Estates General. They all wrote cahiers, or complaints, once Loius XVI summoned them to a meeting. All of their caheirs talked about boiling class resentments. Delegates from the Third Estate to the Estates General were elected, but only men with property could vote. Because of this, most of them were lawyers, middle-class officials, and writers. Traditionally, each Estate voted seperately, because of this the First and Second always outvoted the Third Estate. So because of this the Third Estate wanted all of the Estates to vote together.
*Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen- It was the first step towards writing a constitution. It announced that all men were born and remain free and equal in rights. It also said that they enjoyed natural rights to liberty, property,, security, and resistance to oppression. It further proclaimed that all citizens were equal before law, citizens meaning males.
*Napoleonic Code- Napoleon had this as a reform, and it was a new law code. It used Enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit. It undid some of the reforms from the French Revolution. Women lost most of their newly gained rights because of the code. It said that women were minors who could not excercise their rights of citizenship.
*cause of Napoleon's downfall- Napoleon's downfall was caused by the loss he suffered at the Battle of the Nations. The year after that his enemies started to move in and he was forced to abdicate the throne. All of this was started by his loss at Russia. He was then exiled to Elba. He later returned to Europe, and because of the fear of a return to the old regime the loyalty to Napoleon was rekindeled.
*Reign of Terror- The Reign of Terror was a time when there were many executions. People were sentenced to execution almost every time they were convicted. The smallest crime was usually punishable by death. During that time over 4,000 people were killed.
*Otto von Bismarck- He was the architect of the German unity. He sucedeed where others had failed. He came from the Prussian class Junker, which was made up of conservative land owning nobles. He was a chancellor. His success was do in part to his strong will and his ability to manipulate others. He was a master of Realpolitik. He believed that the ends justified the means.
*revolution of 1905-
*William II- Succeeded his grandfather as kaiser. He was supremely confident in his abilities and he wanted to put his stamp on Germany. In 1890 he shocked all of Europe by asking Bismarck to resign, he said "There is only one master in the Reich and that is I," He believed inn his divine to rule. He resisted efforts to start a democracy.
*threat to the Hapsburg Empire

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22
*enclosure
*utilitarianism
*factory movement
*urbanization
*founder of Methodist Church
* term for "working class"
*inventor who improved the steam engine
*which group most benefited from Ind. Rev.
*how factory system changed workers' lives
* laissez faire economics
*ethnocentrism
*racism
*assembly line
*corporation
*survival of the fittest/ in war or industry
*right to vote (term)
*Middle class
*peasants
*nobility
*romanticism/ painting
*Alfred Nobel
*Joseph Lister
*Charles Darwin
*women's suffrage movement

IMPERIALISM/ Ch. 25-26
*destruction of a religious or ethnic group (term)
*sphere of influence
*protectorate
*imperialist
*justification for imperialism
*Ethiopia's resistance to Europe
*decline of the Ottoman empire
*Sepoy rebellion
*Indian National Congress
*How Industrial Rev. encouraged imperialism
*Europe's main interest in China was ?
*Britain and Russia's desire to control Iran
*Monroe Doctrine
*James Monroe
*Matthew Perry
*James Cook
*Benito Juarez
*Japan controlled _____?
*Queen Liliuokalani
*political consequences of imperialism
*British N. America Act
*US intervention in Latin America in early 1900s
*Australia and New Zealand independence
*profits from global economy went where?